Sea Level Rise
SLR is an increase in the level of the world’s oceans as a result of the effects of climate change. SLR poses a significant threat to coastal communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure. SLR can be associated with increased coastal flooding, shore erosion, and saltwater intrusion. Numerous studies have determined that SLR could increase saltwater and flood risks in Florida’s coastal regions.
High Tide Flooding
Tidal flooding, often referred to as “king tides”, “nuisance”, or “sunny day” flooding, is driven by factors such as sea level rise, sinking land, lunar cycles, and the loss of natural barriers. It is characterized by abnormally high tidal occurrences, leading to the temporary inundation of low-lying areas. High tide flooding is becoming an increasingly common condition along coastlines. It results in the periodic inundation of low-lying areas, causing damage to infrastructure and inflicting other disruptions. Nationally, by 2050, coastal communities are expected to experience 25-75 days of high tide flooding annually.
Storm Surge Flooding
Storm surge is an abnormal rise of ocean water generated by high tide and elevated water levels associated with a storm. Storm intensity, forward speed, angle of attack, depth of water bodies, the slope of the continental shelf, and tidal conditions are all factors that contribute to the potential severity of storm surge flooding. As storms become stronger and more frequent, the threat of storm surge will intensify. Storm surges present significant risks to human life and property. Over the last half-century, approximately 1,250 of the estimated 2,500 deaths directly caused by hurricanes nationally, were a result of storm surges.
Rainfall-Induced Flooding
Rainfall-induced flooding occurs when excessive rainfall overwhelms drainage/stormwater systems and natural waterways, leading to the inundation of normally non-flood–prone land. It can occur in both inland and coastal areas. This type of flooding can be exacerbated by SLR, aging and undersized infrastructure, development in the floodplain or floodplain alterations, and increases in impervious structures. The resulting consequences can include; damage to infrastructure and transport, economic system disruptions, agricultural losses, and increased public safety risks.
Compound Flooding
Compound flooding is the combination of tidal, storm surge, and rainfall-induced flooding.